Deep learning with neural networks has emerged as a key approach for discovering patterns and modeling relationships in complex data. AI systems powered by deep learning are used widely in applications across a broad spectrum of scales. There are strong needs for scaling deep learning both upward and downward. Scaling up highlights the pursuit of scalability – the ability to utilize increasingly abundant computing and data resources to achieve superior capabilities, overcoming diminishing returns. Scaling down represents the demand for efficiency – there is limited data for many application domains, and deployment is often in compute-limited settings.

In this talk, we present several studies in both directions. For scaling up, we first explore the design of scalable neural network architectures that are widely adopted in various fields. We then discuss an intriguing observation on modern vision datasets and its implication on scaling training data. For scaling down, we introduce simple, effective, and popularly used approaches for compressing convolutional networks and large language models, alongside interesting empirical findings. Notably, a recurring theme in this talk is the careful examination of implicit assumptions in the literature, which often leads to surprising revelations that reshape community understanding. Finally, we discuss exciting avenues for future deep learning and vision research, such as next-gen architectures and dataset modeling.